Tasnim International Journal for Human, Social and Legal Sciences

قياس التغيرات الزمنية في المصطلحات التاريخية عبر "Text Mining".

حسين محسن علي التميمي — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Over the past two decades, Text Mining technologies have revolutionized the study of language and history, enabling researchers to analyze large-scale historical corpora with greater accuracy and objectivity than traditional methods. This study employs Natural Language Processing (NLP) and text mining techniques to identify and analyze changes in historical terminology across multiple time periods using large, chronologically organized digital historical corpora. The significance of this research lies in its ability to trace the emergence, evolution, and semantic transformation of historical terms, while examining their relationship with the social, political, and cultural developments of the societies in which they were used. The study applies computational methods such as Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF–IDF) to identify significant terms across different historical periods, alongside Topic Modeling techniques to uncover the semantic patterns characterizing each era. Recent findings (2025) from studies on European historical texts using Explainable Machine Learning (XML) demonstrate that linguistic patterns associated with specific historical periods can be predicted with an accuracy of up to 76.7% in distinguishing between different centuries. Feature importance analysis further revealed clear patterns of linguistic evolution over time. These findings highlight the effectiveness of digital text mining in historical research, not only for tracking terminological change but also for deepening our understanding of the relationship between language and the socio-political contexts in which historical terminology developed. Consequently, this approach opens new avenues for research in historical linguistics and the digital humanities.

تأثير المنظمات اليهودية الامريكية في العلاقات الامريكية الإسرائيلية (1897)

ياسمين محي عبد الرحيم — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to analyze the influence of American Jewish organizations on U.S.–Israeli relations since 1897, focusing on their role in political lobbying, shaping public opinion, and supporting a legislative environment favorable to Israel. The study adopts a historical–analytical approach to trace the development of this role from the pre-1948 period, through U.S. recognition of Israel, the post-1967 phase, and into the contemporary period. It concludes that the influence of these organizations operates through three main channels: affecting U.S. decision-making, shaping media discourse and public opinion, and strengthening strategic, military, and economic cooperation between the United States and Israel. The study also emphasizes the need to understand this influence within a broader context that includes U.S. interests and internal political and social changes

أثر التحول الرقمي على العلاقات العقدية الادارية الدولية

عقيل تكي صالح العارضي — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The development witnessed by the international community in the present time in various fields has played a role in highlighting this development and its application in the scope of international administrative contracts. Most legislations have adopted digital transformation as an important means to simplify contracting procedures, given the advantages of this method that reduce effort, time and costs.

المتروكون من الرواة الثقاة وكيفية التعامل مع مروياتهم في البحث التاريخي

سلمى عبد الحميد الهاشمي — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

One of the problems encountered in historical research is the questioning of many historical accounts narrated by those who witnessed them with credibility and trustworthiness. Researchers are often perplexed about how to deal with these accounts in their research: should they disregard the narrators who were abandoned, or should they be accepted? And what are the limits of this approach? This research sheds light on the abandoned narrators of reliable accounts some were questioned for their integrity, while others were criticized for poor memory and errors, leading to their being silenced and their accounts being rejected. The research is divided into four axes: The first axis concerns the meaning of "abandoned" linguistically and technically, and determining the reason for abandoning the narrations of trustworthy narrators. The second axis addresses the sectarian basis for abandoning the narrations of trustworthy narrators, especially Shiite narrators, as Shiism was considered an accusation and could be used to discredit the narrator and impugn his integrity, supported by examples and evidence. The third axis addresses changes in the circumstances of trustworthy narrators arising from mental or physical impairments, such as senility, memory loss, and the passage of time, leading to errors, reduced eyesight, or the narrator's fascination with his books, resulting in errors due to a lack of memorization and a failure to meet the requirements of accuracy, also supported by evidence. The fourth axis focuses on how to deal with the narrations of abandoned trustworthy narrators, whether due to sectarian reasons, by examining the conditions for the authenticity of the narrations and subjecting them to scientific analysis. This means not relying solely on the chain of transmission (isnad) of the narration, but also on its content and the records of those whose circumstances changed. The approach involves considering their suggestions before the change and disregarding what came after, if the time of the change can be determined, while still maintaining internal criticism of the narrations' content. Also. And God is the source of all success.

ابن خرداذبة (ت 208 :هـ/893 م) رائد البيانات الرقمية في الادب الجغرافي الإسلامي

حكيم احمد مام بكر, زينب محمد صديق — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The book Al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik by Ibn Khordadbeh, who lived during the third century AH / ninth century CE, is considered one of the important works concerned with geography, or what is referred to in Islamic literature as the “Science of Countries” (ʿIlm al-Buldan), and is among its earliest examples. It is well known that geographical works differ from other historical sources in that they contain abundant information on various civilizational aspects such as urban development, routes, kingdoms, and economic data including agriculture, industry, trade, and markets. They also provide social information concerning races, peoples, religions, beliefs, populations, and many other diverse subjects. In addition to the above, Al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik by Ibn Khordadbeh possesses exceptional importance because it contains a large amount of numerical and statistical information that is particularly remarkable. Similar data are rarely found in Islamic geographical writings produced in later centuries, despite the relatively limited size of the book compared with most other geographical works. This is due to the loss of a substantial portion of the original text. Because of the significance of the book and the frequent occurrence of numbers and statistics within it, we chose it as the subject of this research paper. The paper consists of an introduction and three sections. The introduction discusses the importance of geographical and travel literature in historical and civilizational studies, with special focus on this book, which is regarded as the first work on Islamic administrative geography combining geographical description with digital and statistical data based on official records. The first section examines the numerical data related to postal stations, distances, and routes between Islamic regions and cities and their neighboring countries, using specific units of measurement such as farsakhs and stages, in addition to the commercial routes linking them. The second section deals with numerical data concerning economic conditions, especially revenues, land taxes, taxation, and other matters related to economic aspects. The third and final section discusses various numerical data concerning social life, public affairs, wonders and curiosities, and other matters observed by Ibn Khordadbeh, which he presented in a numbered and quantified manner. Finally, the study concludes with a summary of the most important findings presented in concise points.

الحركات والاحتجاجات الاجتماعية في العراق خلال العهد الملكي (1921 - 1958)

نيزك سعيد عبد الكريم — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research, "Social Movements and Protests in Iraq During the Monarchy (1921-1958)," discusses the various political, economic, and social conditions that the country experienced, reflecting the aspirations and crises of the Iraqi people. Following the declaration of the monarchy, the country began to face political, economic, and social challenges. Among the most significant factors were: British control over Iraq, which remained entrenched even after formal independence in 1932 and was a source of widespread public discontent; and the economic crises the country experienced, including the impact of the global economic crisis of 1929 and the aftermath of World War II. These events exacerbated the economic situation, leading to increased unemployment and poverty. Consequently, several social movements emerged during this period, demanding educational and political reforms, improved working conditions, and higher wages. The research concluded with several findings, including increased awareness of rights and political activism among Iraqi society. This increased pressure on the monarchy, contributing to the conditions that led to the July 14, 1958 coup, which ended the monarchy and established the Republic of Iraq.

الطبيعة القانونية لعقود الإدارة الدولية – عقد بناء المدارس الصينية أنموذجاً

ماجد حامد حمود الصراف — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Having discussed the legal nature of international administrative contracts – using the Chinese school construction contract as a model – we find that international administrative contracts are not fundamentally different from domestic (national) administrative contracts. This is because all the elements of an administrative contract are present in international administrative contracts, namely: the contracting authority, the public utility, and the inclusion of public authority privileges in the contract. What distinguishes an international administrative contract from a domestic one is the presence of a foreign party, usually a foreign state or a foreign legal entity, in addition to granting certain privileges to the foreign party in the contract, The researcher concluded that the contract for the construction of Chinese schools, which was concluded between Iraq and a company holding Chinese nationality, is nothing but an international administrative contract, even though that contract is subject in its implementation and application to Iraqi laws, and the Iraqi judiciary is the competent judiciary to consider disputes that may arise as a result of the implementation of the contract. This is what was confirmed and indicated in the clauses of the contract itself. Subjecting the international administrative contract to the laws of the contracting state and its administrative judiciary does not negate the international character of the contract. What confirms this is the possibility of the contracting parties resorting to arbitration in disputed matters, provided that the contract included a clause to resort to arbitration and specified the approved arbitration bodies with the agreement of the contracting parties.

الجذور التاريخية للشعبوية في الولايات المتحدة وأوروبا وتداعياتها المستقبلية على الديمقراطية الليبرالية

وليد كاصد الزيدي — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines populism's evolution in the United States and Europe from late 19th-century agrarian movements to contemporary exclusionary political discourse. Moving beyond traditional narratives, the research analyzes the transition from grassroots mobilization to "algorithmic populism," where digital platforms bypass institutional intermediaries and deepen political polarization. The central argument positions contemporary populism as a structural manifestation of democratic backsliding, wherein populist actors exploit electoral mandates to undermine liberal safeguards, judicial independence, and pluralistic values. The study critically examines how far-right movements instrumentalize identity politics, employing exclusionary rhetoric to portray Muslims and Arabs as civilizational threats to national identity. Through historical comparative analysis and contemporary political theory, the research demonstrates how digital technologies have fundamentally altered populist strategies, enabling direct mobilization while circumventing democratic intermediaries. The findings reveal that persistent populist dynamics risk consolidating hybrid regimes that maintain democratic forms while systematically hollowing out their liberal substance. The study concludes that mitigating the populist challenge requires comprehensive renewal of representative mechanisms and robust defense of inclusive citizenship to counter systematic alienation of popular classes. These insights are crucial for understanding populism as both historical phenomenon and contemporary threat to liberal democratic governance.

دور الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في مؤتمر انفا لعام 1943

سهاد فؤاد شهاب احمد — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

يعد مؤتمر (أنفا) الذي عقد في مدينة الدار البيضاء المغربية في كانون الثاني من العام ١٩٤٣ محطة مفصلية في تاريخ الحرب العالمية الثانية حيث الجميع فيه كبار قادة الحلفاء وعلى راسهم الرئيس الامريكي فرانكلين روزفلت ورئيس الوزراء البريطاني وينستون تشرشل لوضع ملامح المرحلة المقبلة من الصراع عند دول المحور، لم يكن المؤتمر مجرد لقاء عسکري فحسب، بل شكل أيضاً منصة للنقاش حول مستقبل العالم ما بعد الحرب كما أرسى مبدأ الاستسلام الغير مشروط الذي غير مجرى الحرب بشكل كبير عقد هذا المؤتمر في ظل ظروف دولية بالغة التعقيد حيث كانت المعارك لا تزال محتدمة على عدة جبهات، بينما بدأت معالم النصر تميل تدريجياً لصالح الحلفاء. وقد تميز مؤتمر أنفا بأبعاده العسكرية والسياسية خاصة من خلال انعقاده في قلب مستعمرة فرنسية. مما أضفى عليه دلالة خاصة تتعلق بمستقبل الاستعمار ومكانه الشعوب الواقعة تحت السيطرة الاوربية ومن ضمنها المغرب.

دور الاقتصاد الرقمي في تعزيز وتنامي التمويل الإسلامي

خولة جليل مجيد — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The importance of digital technology is evident in various aspects of life, including the economic aspect with its diverse exchange, production, consumption, and other applications. Economic activities today are no longer limited to the traditional pattern of exchanging goods or services for money within a limited geographical area in a specific country and its local economy. Instead, contracting and commercial exchange now encompass all goods and services in their various types, sizes, and forms, with the ability to ascertain their quality and specifications before concluding and finalizing contracts from one end of the world to the other. Each party can remain in their country and location without having to bear the burden of travel, its costs, and hardships. This is all thanks to the digital development the world is witnessing today, with the expansion of modern technology and its inclusion of all economic applications, especially exchange operations (buying and selling). These operations are no longer conducted in their traditional form involving actual selling and possession. Instead, reliance is placed on constructive possession in all digital electronic transactions currently in use, from offer and acceptance and what takes the place of a signature. Electronic commerce, which relies on the digital economy in dealing with currency in exchange for goods and services, is primarily conducted through computer screens, tablets, and smart applications in all its contemporary transactions, using electronic money, whether in the form of electronic currencies or credit cards. Many developed countries are moving towards digital transactions in their future dealings, as are institutions, companies, and even individuals. Hence the importance of my research on this topic, which will include defining digital finance, explaining the importance of this financing, especially in the Islamic economy, highlighting the advantages of digital finance, and the disadvantages and risks that occur within the digital economy, leading to conclusions and recommendations.

القراءة ودور القصة في تدريس مهاراتها كتاب قراءتي للصف الثاني الابتدائي (قصة الغراب العطشان أنموذجاً)

عبد الخالق فياض علي سالم الجبوري — Fri, 20 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The research aims to provide a new reference related to the Arabic language in terms of its linguistic and terminological concepts, as well as to clarify the concept of reading, its skills, and methods of teaching based on multiple sources. The study addresses reading as a linguistic skill and examines methods of teaching it, particularly at the primary school level. The research also discusses the role of storytelling and its relationship to teaching the Arabic language and reading skills in primary education, highlighting its impact on learners, especially with regard to children’s stories, including The Thirsty Crow story included in the second-grade reading textbook.