Tasnim International Journal for Human, Social and Legal Sciences

Cyber Attacks on Southern Lebanon in the Light of International Criminal Law

مريم نبيل عادي — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Cyberattacks pose a major challenge to national security، regional stability، and international peace، particularly with rapid technological advancements reshaping security and crime. This research focuses on cyberattacks in South Lebanon as a case study to explore the intersection of cybersecurity، international criminal law، and geopolitical dynamics. It highlights the growing use of cyber tools by state and non-state actors to achieve political and military goals، raising legal questions about classifying and punishing such attacks. The significance of this research lies in the urgent need to update international legal frameworks to keep pace with technological developments and enhance the protection of civilians and critical infrastructure. Additionally، studying this phenomenon within the context of South Lebanon highlights the legal gaps that hinder achieving international criminal justice in response to cybercrimes. The research aims to achieve several objectives، including: analyzing the concept of cyberattacks within the framework of international criminal law، assessing the compatibility of these attacks with principles of international law such as sovereignty، non-intervention، and the prohibition of the use of force، and determining the legal implications of these attacks at both national and international levels. Furthermore، the study seeks to propose practical recommendations to strengthen the international legal system in combating cybercrimes. The research methodology adopted an analytical approach، examining relevant legal texts، including international humanitarian law agreements and conventions related to cybercrimes. A comparative analysis was also conducted between national and international laws to explore how cyberattacks are classified and punished. The findings of the research indicate that cyberattacks targeting civilians or critical infrastructure may rise to the level of "international crimes" if they involve violations of international humanitarian law. The study also confirms the existence of legal gaps in the current international system that hinder effective accountability for such crimes. In conclusion، the research emphasizes the importance of enhancing international cooperation to establish a comprehensive legal framework addressing cyber threats and ensuring criminal justice. It also calls for strengthening national and regional capacities to combat cybercrimes، particularly in politically and security-sensitive areas such as South Lebanon.

فاعلية انموذج BOPPPS في تحصيل طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي في مادة التاريخ

عدي طاهر محمود — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

research aims to identify the effectiveness of the BOPPPS model in improving the academic achievement of fifth-grade humanities students in history. The population consisted of fifth-grade humanities students in preparatory and secondary day schools in the center of Diyala Governorate, under the Diyala Directorate of Education, for the academic year (2024-2025). The results showed the success of the experimental group. The research reached the following conclusions: 1- The BOPPPS model contributes to building a dynamic and participatory learning environment by providing opportunities for active learning, interaction, and practical application. This environment encouraged the students in the research sample to actively participate with the experimental content and stimulated their sense of responsibility towards their learning, which was reflected positively in their academic achievement. 2- The BOPPPS model emphasized the importance of assessing students' prior knowledge and understanding through pre-assessment activities. The pre-assessment phase contributed to measuring students' knowledge, skills, and misconceptions related to the subject matter. Through this assessment, each student's strengths and weaknesses were identified, contributing to the design of personalized instruction that meets individual learning needs, provides appropriate differentiation among them, and ensures that students possess a solid foundation upon which to build new knowledge. This approach led to a significant improvement in the history achievement of fifth-grade humanities students in the study sample. 3- Teaching history using the BOPPPS model contributes to the application of diverse teaching and learning strategies during interactive learning phases, thus enabling the integration of different learning styles among secondary school students in the research sample. This model effectively promotes student participation and achieves desired learning outcomes in history, as performance levels among students are similar despite differing teaching methods. Based on the above, the researcher reached the following recommendations: 1- Developing history teachers' skills in applying the BOPPPS model stages during the teaching process is a vital step to enhance the effectiveness of education and tangibly achieve the goals of practical training. 2- Considering students' preferred learning styles to acquire practical knowledge through participation in teaching and learning activities, completing tasks, and communicating with peers in collaborative learning. The researcher also put forward several suggestions: 1- Studying the BOPPPS model in variables other than achievement, such as higher-order thinking skills. 2- Conducting a similar study in other educational stages.

سَلْخ الهوية الدينية في علم الكلام الجديد

صادق كاظم مكلف — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research addresses the phenomenon of the erosion of religious identity in contemporary Islamic theology, this is a pivotal issue that has preoccupied Islamic thought in the modern era, the study analyzes its intellectual and philosophical causes, its doctrinal and social manifestations, and its effects on the individual and society. It also explores ways to address it within the framework of contemporary Islamic theology. The study demonstrates that this phenomenon has profound effects, weakening faith, undermining the authority of religious texts, threatening social cohesion and the continuity of Islamic identity as a unified system, and transforming religion from a fixed divine authority into a fragile individual experience lacking solid foundations when individuals become detached from their monotheistic dimension. This study examines the intellectual and philosophical roots of this phenomenon, particularly modern epistemological shifts such as scientism, which subjects everything to the standards of empirical science; existential secularism, which excludes religion from all aspects of life; and moral relativism, which denies the immutability of values. These trends have contributed to the dismantling of traditional religious authorities and the erosion of the role of revelation in shaping human consciousness. This research sheds light on the position of several contemporary thinkers, particularly those of the Ahlul-Bayt school (peace be upon them), who emphasized that religious identity is not merely social affiliation or formal rituals, but rather a comprehensive intellectual and spiritual entity that preserves the existential meaning of humanity and guides it to its true purpose. This is achieved through a balance between doctrinal principles and the demands of the age, without succumbing to excessive human interpretations or doctrinal distortions. The Imams (peace be upon them) established clear principles for preserving religious identity, such as teaching Islamic sciences, preserving sacred texts, guiding scholarly and independent reasoning within the framework of established principles, and encouraging constructive criticism that does not undermine fundamental tenets. As Imam Ali (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever adheres to the Book of Allah holds fast to guidance, and whoever opposes it goes astray." Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) also said: "Religion means knowing the truth and acting upon it, so do not deviate from it with corrupt opinions." The research also indicates that the new Islamic theology offers rational tools for renewal aimed at reconstructing religious identity by developing methodologies of thought and integrating modern human knowledge, while preserving doctrinal constants and the objectives of Islamic law. This ensures that religion remains a comprehensive way of life for the nation, capable of confronting the challenges of the age without compromising its divine essence or fundamental identity.

الرمز في القرآن الكريم سورة البقرة مثالا

دعاء شاكر كاظم, فرقد حسين هاشم — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The symbol is one of the important topics in the rhetorical and literary arenas, which is used by the addressee in rhetorical processes to allude to matters whose concealment is considered part of their beauty and creativity. The symbol indicates a statement close to the meaning in a hidden way, Knowing it requires knowing the surrounding borders of stylistic elements or tools, and also knowing what meanings are close to it and what are far from it, which leads to helping to clarify its effect on the rhetorical axis and its effect on the communicative rhetorical process. Symbols are among the oldest things invented by man. A symbol is usually used as a means of indicating or expressing something, for example: the alphabet, gestures, and sounds made by humans. The symbol in Surat Al-Baqarah is one of the clear topics because it contains many hidden meanings, which are indicated by the surrounding contexts. Surat Al-Baqarah includes many symbolic contents, some of which are narrative, such as (the story of God, the Prophet Adam (peace be upon him), the story of the Prophet Abraham, and the story of the cow), and legislative symbols, such as (fasting, prayer, and zakat), as well as cosmic symbols, such as (the creation of the earth and the sky, the alternation of night and day, the winds, etc...).

التفسير الروائي عند الإمام الباقر(عليه السلام) دراسة في منهجيته وأثره في تدوين الحديث

حيدر برزان فليح — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the methodological approach of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (peace be upon him) in the field of hadith studies, highlighting his pivotal role in establishing a scholarly and narrational school that became a vital extension of the authentic Islamic heritage. The study demonstrates how the Imam employed a precise and critical method in the transmission of hadith, characterized by verification, authentication, and accuracy, thereby strengthening the scientific foundations of the Prophetic traditions. It also examines his influence in cultivating a generation of trustworthy narrators who became key figures in preserving the Sunnah and the teachings of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). The research focuses on the methodological and thematic aspects adopted by the Imam, supported by narrational evidence that reflects the depth of his scholarly project and its lasting impact on the preservation and documentation of hadith for future generations.

Grammarians' Opinions on a Single Issue in Al-Mughni Al-Labib (The Accusative Case as a Model)

زهراء أكرم عبد الأمير — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Grammar is considered one of the most important Arabic sciences that contributed to preserving the Arabic language from linguistic errors or mistakes. Many schools of thought emerged in grammar, known as grammatical schools, such as the Basran, Kufic, Baghdadi, Andalusian schools, among others. The study presented the differences among grammarians on certain grammatical issues related to the accusative case, such as objects, adverbials, specification, and the predicate of (kana), The Basrans adhered to analogy, while the Kufis were more flexible in some aspects, and Ibn Hisham combined these views. The book Al-Mughni Al-Labib is considered one of the most important grammatical works and became a key reference for researchers. Ibn Hisham devoted great attention to the accusative case, mentioned the grammarians' opinions on it, and addressed the differences between the Basran and the Kufic schools on these issues.

The argumentation of rhetorical discourse in the texts of the self-blaming soul by Sheikh Ibrahim bin Ali Al-Kafa’mi (d. 905 AH)

ساهرة عدنان وهيب العنبكي — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The topic of argumentation is a tool for discussing ideas and visions according to their speculative nature or credibility, as it is a communication link that is concerned with the recipient and his intuition based on suspicion or truth - for the purpose of persuasion and dialogue and then obligating compliance and submission, with the intention of either casting doubt on opinions, or opposing them, or establishing and supporting them through the mechanisms of debate, argumentation and reasoning by presenting the claim and the counter-claim, then reviewing the arguments in order to reach a convincing result for the recipient. This evidence or argument is based on description or the method of definition or narration of facts, or explanation, representation, debate and other numerous methods such as tonal music, or sarcasm and astonishment, or grammatical rhetoric by using pronouns for intimidation, enticement, persuasion, warning, calling, advice and subjugation. I preferred to study this topic in the texts of Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Kafa’mi in his speech “Accounting the Blaming Self.”

Statistical Analysis of Conjunctions in the Supplications of Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him): A Semantic Study

رسل أحمد جواد كاظم الجنابي — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research addresses the statistical and semantic analysis of conjunctions in the supplications of Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him) contained in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya. The study focuses on the hypothesis that conjunctions in these supplications are not only used for their traditional grammatical functions, but also go beyond that to perform precise semantic functions that reflect the psychological and spiritual structure of the speaker and reveal the depth of the doctrinal and behavioral intentions in the supplication discourse. Through the results, I concluded that these conjunctions were not used solely for their traditional grammatical function, but were also given deeper dimensions related to the doctrinal, psychological, and spiritual intentions of the supplications. At the end of the research, it was found that "fa" represents the largest percentage in terms of repetition, with this letter being used 303 times, the letter "aw" being used 47 times, and the letter "am" being used 8 times. This reflects a distinct syntactic structure characterized by continuity and sequentiality in presenting meanings and supplication demands. The study demonstrated that these conjunctions are employed as effective semantic expression tools, not merely linking tools. Grammatically, it contributes to producing meaning and guiding the recipient. She also concluded that the conjunctional structure in supplications is an effective tool that reflects the depth of meaning and the richness of language, which underscores the importance of incorporating linguistic analysis in the study of religious texts.

Exposure and pairing in the book Anwar al-Rabi’ fi al-Tab’i’ by Ibn Ma’sum al-Madani

زينب عبد هاشم, خولة جبار حمد محيسن — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the terms ta'rid (allusion) and muzawaja (juxtaposition) as presented in Anwar al-Rabiʿ fi Anwaʿ al-Badiʿ by Ibn Maʿsum al-Madani. It compares his treatment of these two rhetorical devices with how they appear in earlier and contemporary works on badiʿ (rhetoric). The study highlights the differences in Ibn Maʿsum’s approach to these concepts compared to both classical and modern scholars of badiʿ. We focused on identifying instances where Ibn Maʿsum’s terminology and definitions align with or diverge from those of other scholars. The research also reveals Ibn Maʿsum’s distinctive methodology in presenting these two rhetorical terms.