Tasnim International Journal for Human, Social and Legal Sciences

Human vs. Machine: A Comparative Study of Traditional and AI-Generated Literary Texts

Mohammed Abd Al-Kareem Najm Flaih — 2026-02-25

The 21st century has seen the spread of digital revolution in different areas of life. And it has emerged as an important tool for artificial intelligence (AI)-based literary creativity. This study highlights the relationship between literature and AI. It looks at the aesthetic value of machine-made texts along with their ability as a genuine imaginative work. At the heart of the matter is the conflict between authentic human experience, which is the kernel of all literature, and the capacity of AI programmes to write conscious texts that generate awareness, creative intentions and emotional depth with literary relevance. The research conducts a comparative analysis that studies the human and AI-generated texts on certain stylistic, structural and meaningful aspects along with the aesthetic value and reading experience. It also includes relevant and philosophical literature about creativity and official aims that would take the approach to AI as danger or an aid to the literary production. According to the conclusion, it argues that acceptable fine AI texts for gender sophistication and beauty polishing does not have the emotional and philosophical depth that human creativity boasts of. Still, we may assume that these devices can enhance human creativity and experiment with new kinds of legends, although they will remain subordinate to human literary production. This study shows us that the future of literature relies on our capacity to use artificial intelligence as a tool. It is using that internal voice and an intensive experience of human existence.

Digital Transformation in Public Administration as a Means to Achieve Efficiency and Sustainability A Case Study in the Baghdad Municipality

ابتسام احمد فتاح — 2026-02-25

Sustainable development is one of the most pressing contemporary challenges facing societies, as it requires a balance between economic growth, environmental preservation, and social justice. In this context, financial institutions, particularly banks, play a pivotal role in achieving the goals of sustainable development through their financing policies, investments, and support for projects with economic, social, and environmental impact. With the evolution of economic concepts, it has become necessary to reconsider the roles of banks as active tools in comprehensive development, rather than merely traditional lending entities. This research aims to analyze the role of banks, specifically Rafidain Bank, in supporting and implementing the requirements of sustainable development by examining its financing policies, the projects it funds, and its contributions to environmental, social, and corporate social responsibility domains. The importance of the study lies in highlighting the relationship between banking policies and sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Iraq, while uncovering the challenges and opportunities available for banks to effectively contribute to this developmental path. The research problem stems from the relative weakness in the contribution of some Iraqi banks to achieving sustainable development, despite the importance of this role in light of current economic and environmental conditions. From this arises the main research question: To what extent does Rafidain Bank contribute to achieving sustainable development in Iraq? The study hypothesizes the existence of a statistically significant relationship between Rafidain Bank’s developmental activities and the realization of sustainable development dimensions. The study will be conducted on a sample of (30) administrative and executive employees within Rafidain Bank in Baghdad, who are directly involved in policy formulation or in the implementation of financing programs. The research adopts the descriptive-analytical method, using a questionnaire to measure employees’ perceptions regarding the bank’s adoption of sustainable development concepts and practices, in addition to analyzing the bank’s official data and reports. The study seeks to provide practical recommendations that enhance Rafidain Bank’s developmental role and encourage other Iraqi banks to adopt responsible financial policies that support sustainable development goals.

To improve ‏communicative competence by expressive and directive speech acts in EFL classroom

Azizollah Dabaghi Varnosf — 2026-02-25

The Speech acts have been extensively studied as a component of essential communication competence skills. The purpose of this study was to examine speech acts as interlanguage pragmatics with an emphasis on EFL settings.Along with grammatical knowledge, it also includes awareness of cultural standards, social regulations, and the capacity to modify language use according to various contexts. In essence, it's about knowing something rather than merely how to describe it.The Open-ended Discourse Completion Test (DCT) Evaluation Questionnaire and IELTS scores were used in a mixed-methods approach to evaluate learners' pragmatic skills both before and after the intervention. According to the results, students in technologically enhanced settings demonstrated noticeably better speech act performance than those in conventional settings. It was discovered that explicit pragmatics training was beneficial, and the results were influenced by demographic variables such age, gender, and language ability.

جريمة الامتناع عن تحرير عقد الإيجار – دراسة مقارنة

ليالي راهي عجمي — 2026-02-25

The lease contract is classified among the nominate contracts that enjoy widespread application within legal practice. It is characterized by a notable flexibility in form, as the Iraqi legislator does not prescribe a specific modality for its conclusion. The contract is deemed valid upon mutual consent of the parties, regardless of whether such agreement is expressed in writing, orally, through intelligible gestures, or by any other means that clearly convey intent. Even in instances where the legislator mandates written documentation—as stipulated in the Real Estate Lease Law—this requirement does not render the contract formalistic in nature. Rather, it serves a regulatory function, enabling competent authorities to exercise oversight over such agreements. Nonetheless, the Iraqi legislator has treated the failure to document a lease contract as a punishable infraction. Legal sanctions are imposed on individuals who neglect to deposit a copy of the contract with designated official entities. This violation is addressed in Paragraph Two of Article 23 of the amended Real Estate Lease Law No. 87 of 1979, which stipulates that the non-complying party may be subject to imprisonment or a monetary fine if the contract is neither documented nor submitted to the Real Estate Tax Department, the Information Office, or the local police station within thirty days from the date of its execution. A comparative legislative analysis reveals that most legal systems do not criminalize such omissions, with the notable exception of Egyptian legislation. The latter obligates the lessor to draft a lease contract containing mandatory particulars and imposes penalties on those who fail to comply with this obligation. The research problem lies in the specific scope of criminalization in the crime of refusing to draw up a lease agreement. This crime – according to the Iraqi Rent Law – includes specific areas stipulated by the law and does not include the entire territorial scope of the state. Also, to determine whether the real estate tax departments are fulfilling their role in monitoring the implementation of the provisions of this law or not? And to determine the extent of proportionality between the penalty prescribed by the Iraqi legislator for the perpetrator of this crime and the seriousness of the act committed by the offender? The selection of this offense as the subject of inquiry stems from its legal and practical significance, particularly due to its direct bearing on safeguarding the rights of contracting parties. Moreover, the specific criminal conduct it entails distinguishes it from other offenses related to lease agreements. The scarcity of specialized studies addressing this issue further underscores the necessity of a comprehensive investigation that fills this gap in legal literature and contributes meaningfully to academic discourse.

Seasonal Variation of Salinity in Al-Ashar and Al-Qurna Stations of Shatt al-Arab River, Basrah city /Southern Iraq

Wissal Audah Hassan Alhilfi — 2026-02-25

Salinity is one of the important environmental factor that expresses as the sum of the concentrations of positive and negative ions and dissolved salts in water, it has effects on the quality of water . This study examines the seasonal variation (2021-2022 ) of salinity in Al-Ashar and Al-Qurna stations within Al-Basrah city,. The salinity values ranged from 34932-35012 g/l at Al-Ashar station , While at the Al-Qurna station , Low salinity values were recorded ,ranging to 30668 – 35040 g/l. This study observes an increase in salinity during the summer season and a decrease during the winter at both research stations. There are no discernible differences between salinity values recorded during the day and night at both stations, however, Al-Ashar station consistently records higher percentages than Al-Qurna station.

Examples of divine mockery in the Holy Qur’an, a rhetorical study

ستار حسين محي الأعرجي — 2026-02-25

This study dealt with one of the rhetorical methods in the Book of God the Wise, which is one of the forms of divine speech. Through studying many Qur’anic verses, we notice that this method is one of the arts of Arabic rhetoric, and one of the methods of discourse that affects the people receiving it. This study dealt with the implications of divine disdain for the world of possibility, in which both existence and nonexistence occur. This world is tainted by imperfection and defects, and in it the absolute, immutable perfection of God alone, which is the necessity of existence, the absolute perfection and beauty devoid of every defect, vanishes. I discussed the causes and motives of belittlement, ridicule, or mockery and its purposes, as well as the types of divine mockery, then explained the importance of this purpose in the Holy Qur’an and Arabic rhetoric, especially among writers. The research monitored the Qur’anic verses as appropriate for researching the most important and prominent disparages of God, including what was disparagement of the Noble Qur’an, in which the infidels and many hypocrites emerged and tried to cast doubt on the Noble Qur’an, challenge its verses, and belittle its importance, as well as disparagement of the Jews and Christians. Then I discussed the sources of belittlement, ridicule, or sarcasm in the Holy Qur’an and how the Holy Qur’an dealt with them, in an educational and moral manner, and its goal is to guide man and lead him back to the right path. The veils of darkness and aberration revealed his insight and heart in a rhetorical style characterized by artistic value and influential significance for the recipient. We will try to monitor fragments of mockery, sarcasm, and sarcasm, considering that they lead to common meanings and a single connotation

Socio-Economic Struggles and Interpersonal Dynamics: The Fractured Togetherness in Lynn Nottage's Sweat

Hadeel Aziz Mohammed Ridha — 2026-02-25

This paper delves into Sweat, Lynn Nottage’s Pulitzer Prize-winning play, which poignantly depicts the unraveling of a once-tight-knit industrial town as it struggles with economic downturn and job loss. A key focus of this discussion is the theme of "a fractured togetherness"; the idea that communal bonds, once strong, begin to weaken under the strain of hardship. Through its deeply human storytelling, the play highlights how external economic forces can disrupt personal relationships, exposing the fragility of unity when survival takes precedence. By tracing the journeys of Chris and Jason as they navigate these turbulent changes, we gain a deeper understanding of the emotional and psychological toll that deindustrialization exacts on their lives and relationships. The play’s non-linear structure enhances this exploration, skillfully intertwining past and present to provide a layered and compelling portrait of human resilience (and vulnerability) in the face of adversity. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Sweat, with particular focus on the theme of fractured togetherness as it intensifies by the play’s conclusion. Through careful examination, we explore the complex socio-economic struggles the characters tolerate and how these hardships shape their relationships and sense of community. The analysis, based on real-life socio-economic theory, links the fictional experiences in Sweat to broader systemic issues affecting the working class.

الحروف المقطعة (دراسة نحوية دلالية)

حمزة سلمان الخفاجي — 2026-02-25

الحمد لله مسدي النعم، والصلاة والسلام على من أرسله تعالى و به ختم، وعلى آله وصحبه مصابيح الظلم، وبعد. يعد القرآن معجزة الله الخالدة؛ فهو خير كتاب، أنزل على خير نبي ورسول، أرسله الله لخير أمة من خلقه أجمعين. عليه، فالإعجاز فيه لا ينحصر في جانب أو جانبين، ولكن جوانب كثر، تنجلي يوما بعد يوم، فهو لا يخلق على كثرة الرد، ولا تنقضي عجائبه إلى أن يرث الله الأرض ومن وما عليها. وقد عكف كثير من العلماء على اكتناه أسرار القرآن وجوانب إعجازه كل حسب اختصاصه وميوله؛ فمنهم من تناول الإعجاز البلاغي، ومنهم من تناول الإعجاز الطبي، ومنهم من تناول الإعجاز العددي، ومنهم من تناول الإعجاز الجغرافي والبيئي... إلخ. فإن الحروف المقطعة قد أثارت اهتمام العلماء والمفسرين قديمًا وحديثًا وقيلت فيها أقوالْ شتى، وكتبت فيها آراء مختلفة. فقد ابتدأت تسع وعشرون سورة من القرآن الكريم بهذه الحروف المقطعة مثل (الم) و (الر) و(كهيعص) وأن هذه السور مكية عدا اثنتين فهما مدنيتان. ويدور اختلاف العلماء فيها على محورين أساسيين أحدهما أن هذا علم مستور استأثر الله به، والثاني أن المراد منها معلوم وذكروا فيه ما يزيد على عشرين وجهًا منها البعيد ومنها القريب. ولم يرد شيء عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في معاني هذه الحروف.

The Shadow of Stigma: The Black’s Outrage in the Play Hang and their Journey toward Achieving Self-Awareness

Nabaa Jawad Kadhim — 2026-02-25

For thousands of years, racism has been a significant contributor to numerous civil and global conflicts, as well as a source of various societal issues such as bullying, discrimination, and humiliation. Its repercussions persist to this day. Black communities have historically been among the most adversely affected by racism. Consequently, the phenomenon known as "Black Rage" has emerged to mitigate racial discrimination faced by these communities. This movement has played a vital role in enhancing the self-awareness of Black individuals, like in the play Hang by Debbie Tucker Green. She offers a transnational and transhistorical perspective on these issues through wrath as a tool for reflection on racism and the administration of criminal justice and empowering the black people to realize their aspirations and objectives and to assert their legitimate rights.

الأمن الوطني وصنع القرار في الوطن العربي في ظل التحديات الجيوسياسية لتغير المناخ

وفاء كامل فيصل — 2026-02-25

The Climate change represents one of the most pressing challenges facing the Arab region in the twenty-first century, not only at the environmental level but also at the political and security levels. The changing climate, accompanied by phenomena such as desertification, water scarcity, and rising temperatures, does not stop at impacting natural resources alone; it also extends to affect internal stability and political decision-making processes within states. Given the fragile environmental and economic structures in many Arab countries, climate change becomes a multiplier of crises, exacerbating issues of food and water security and placing additional pressures on governments in managing their limited resources This research aims to examine the implications of climate change from the perspective of political geography, with a particular focus on how it influences national security and the formulation of public policies in the Arab world. The study addresses several key themes, including the impact of water scarcity on political and security decisions, the role of environmental changes in intensifying migration flows and local conflicts, and the challenges imposed by the geographical position of Arab states within the broader context of global climate change Furthermore, the research seeks to provide an analytical reading of selected Arab case studies—such as Iraq, Egypt, and the Gulf states—in order to illustrate how climate change differentially affects political decision-making depending on varying geographical and economic conditions. The study concludes that confronting climate-related challenges requires the integration of environmental considerations into security policies and strategic planning, thereby strengthening the resilience of Arab states against crises and ensuring their stability within an increasingly dynamic regional and international environment.

القصدية في كتب النحو القرآني كتابي (الجواري والأنصاري أنموذجا)

ندى سامي ناصر الكوام — 2026-02-25

Since the inception of Arabic grammar, grammarians have been keen to establish a grammatical rule for every phrase or sentence, relying on Arabic intuition. If they found a phrase that did not fit the rules, they had established based on the prevailing Arabic language, they interpreted it based on estimation and interpretation. This is from the perspective of colloquial Arabic speech. However, from the perspective of the holiest book (the Holy Quran), they used the same methods of estimation and interpretation. For example, when there was no predicate for the subject, they interpreted this based on estimation. The Holy Quran is the word of God, and every word has an intention. When a predicate is not mentioned in a Quranic verse, the omission must be intentional, because the intention conveyed by the phrase differs from the intention in the case of mention. There is no doubt that this is due to a profound and deliberate divine wisdom. In this research, we attempted to deduce the intention behind Quranic grammar through a simple induction of the books "The Theory of Quranic Grammar by Ahmad Makki Al-Ansari" and "The Grammar of the Quran by Al-Jawari," and to explore the views of commentators and grammarians on this matter. The research is divided into three parts: the first is theoretical, in which I present the nature of intention and its types. The second is practical, including applied models from Al-Ansari's book Theory of Quranic Grammar. The third includes applied models from Al-Jawari's book Grammar of the Quran.

Sediment of Soft Influence: The Study of Soft Power, Soft War, and Smart Power in the Serene Turmoil of Yoko Ogawa’s The Memory Police

Zahraa Khairallah Johar Ibrahim — 2026-02-25

The shifting landscape of international relations has spurred a transformation in the approach towards soft power, soft war, and smart power strategies. This evolution is driven by the recognition of the limitations of traditional hard power methods in achieving sustainable influence and control in an interconnected world. As countries adapt to global dynamics, the fusion of hard power and soft power tactics emerges as a strategic imperative to navigate complex geopolitical challenges effectively. In this regard, writers in different fields reflect it in their writings, especially in literature. On the top of the list is Yoko Ogawa who, paid much attention to the power dynamics. Thus, the study investigates these powers in Yoko Ogawa’s novel The Memory Police. The research examines the government’s systematic erasure of memories as a manifestation of subtle control. It highlights the contradictions inherent in the regime’s exercises of soft power, which ultimately lead to its failure to achieve its desired goals. It explores the psychological struggles faced by individuals subjected to oppression, and how they can draw on their cultural heritage as a source of soft power to confront authoritarian regimes.

النشأة والتأصيل للتفسير الموضوعي

حوراء علي احمد الموسوي — 2026-02-25

Among the branches of Qur’anic interpretation is thematic exegesis (al-tafsīr al-mawḍūʿī), which is a method of interpretation that gathers various verses related to a single topic and derives beneficial and insightful conclusions. This research examines the origin and development of this type of exegesis, which was practiced by early scholars from the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the Imams (peace be upon them) after him. A close study of the efforts of early scholars reveals their clear contributions to this field. Many forms of exegesis were written, some of which have reached us, while others are only known through references in existing scholarly works. It has become evident that this style of interpretation (thematic exegesis) did not fully emerge as a distinct discipline until the 14th century AH, when interest in it became more widespread and systematic. However, the early stages of this method appeared during the Prophet’s time, as indicated in Sahih al-Bukhari (Hadith no. 3428) and Sahih Muslim (Hadith 124), narrated by Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud: When the verse “Those who believe and do not mix their faith with wrongdoing” (Qur’an 6: 82) was revealed, the Companions felt distressed and said, “Who among us has not wronged himself?” The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “It does not mean that; do you not hear the saying of Luqman to his son, ‘Indeed, associating others with Allah is a great wrongdoing’ (Qur’an 31: 13)? “This clearly indicates that a single word in the Qur’an can have multiple meanings and that understanding the intended meaning requires considering all related verses. Hence, thematic exegesis involves first gaining a comprehensive understanding of the Qur’an through analytical interpretation, then gathering and organizing all verses related to a specific topic, supported by narrations and other sources Some important recommendations include: collecting all verses related to one topic, studying the contextual relationships between surahs, analyzing subjects according to Qur’anic principles, and utilizing linguistic dictionaries for deeper understanding.