Tasnim International Journal for Human, Social and Legal Sciences

The Crisis and Its Manifestations in Modern Iraqi Poetry - Abdul Karim Radi Jaafar as a Model

2026-03-30T15:45:18+00:00

Poetry has always been the voice of need or one of the summons of distress, the intensity of emotions pulsates in the poet so that the recipient reads it as a creative work, the most beautiful thing that Al-Mutanabbi organized was his swords, which came from the intensity of his love and attachment to the sword of the state Al-Hamdani and his aspirations for power, prestige and status, and the truest thing that the poetry collections narrated is Al-Khansa's crying for her brother Sakhr because of the intensity of her love and loyalty to him, and the most beautiful thing we heard for Mahmoud Darwish is his poetry about the Palestinian cause, he lived as a stranger and an expatriate away from his homeland, poetry is born from the womb Suffering, no matter how many causes and types it may be, and perhaps one of the greatest adversities and crises is the wars that take place without the will of the people, but the first to be harmed and live the pain is the defeated people, as suffering and damage will apply to most aspects of life, including the psychological, emotional, and economic aspects؛ One of the reasons for choosing such a title is to enable the mind to deal with crises and read the crisis according to a psychological, therapeutic approach by getting rid of painful thoughts and feelings through literary creativity such as poetry, for example, and our central question is how does the truthfulness of the lived experience benefit poetic creativity? In our research, we envisage a set of goals, the most important of which are: Where did the poet's creativity prevail, in his words, in his poetic meanings and images, or in the music of his poetry and rhythm? The research called for an inductive, descriptive-analytical approach, as it relied on a large collection of poet's poems that he organized in the 1980s and later of the twentieth century, where the Iraqi people lived through continuous wars and horrors – and we are not here in the field of going into wars – that colored each of the Iraqi houses in that past era with their dark colors, and we built the research according to a brief introduction to the meaning of the crisis and its types, and then we divided the research into three topics؛ The first was in explaining the impact of the crisis or its manifestations in the poet's words and vocabulary, then in the impact of the crisis in the poetic meanings and images, and finally in the music or rhythm that the poet used to reach the audience's auditory taste, and thus the response, interaction and impression.

The Reality of Educational Services in Basra Governorate

2026-04-01T16:38:46+00:00

Education is a fundamental requirement for development in any society. As population and area increase, the need arises to provide a variety of services, among which educational services are key. There is a direct relationship between the level of education and both income and its quality. Moreover, adopting advanced educational experiences increases the number of people employed in the goods and services sector. Undoubtedly, the rapid pace of urban growth leads to a significant rise in the number of school-aged children, which makes it difficult to provide adequate educational opportunities for them. Upon examining the educational reality in Basra Governorate, it becomes clear that many cities within the governorate lack sufficient educational institutions, and their number does not correspond to the actual population size. Furthermore, the number of students per classroom and per teacher is much higher than both local and international standards.

الريادة الفكرية في بلاد الرافدين: دراسه تاريخيه تحليليه

2026-04-14T15:28:21+00:00

This research explores intellectual leadership in Mesopotamia, emphasizing its foundational role in the emergence of many of humanity’s earliest cultural and intellectual achievements. The study examines contributions of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians across multiple knowledge domains, including the invention of cuneiform writing, codification of laws, development of religious and philosophical concepts, and advancements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and engineering. Employing a historical-analytical methodology and utilizing cuneiform texts and archaeological evidence, the research uncovers the intellectual and creative roots of Mesopotamian civilization. The findings reveal that Mesopotamia was not only the cradle of early intellectual endeavors but also a dynamic center of innovation, establishing traditions that influenced subsequent civilizations, including Greek and Islamic thought. Consequently, Mesopotamian intellectual leadership represents a pivotal stage in human thought evolution and provides a profound understanding of the foundations of human civilization.

The Qur’an and Wilayah: A Study of the Qur’anic Verses Used as Evidence for the Imamate of Ahl al-Bayt

2026-04-01T15:03:59+00:00

This research aims to study the Quranic verses cited as evidence for the Imamate of Ahl al-Bayt, analyzing their interpretive implications and the differences in understanding among Islamic schools of thought. The research employs an analytical and comparative methodology to examine Quranic texts and interpretive narrations, focusing on verses such as the Verse of Wilayah (Indeed, your guardian is Allah, His Messenger, and the believers), the Verse of Tabligh (O Messenger, convey what has been revealed to you), the Verse of Ikmal (This day I have perfected your religion for you), and the Verse of Ulil Amr (Obey Allah, obey the Messenger, and those in authority among you). These verses are analyzed in light of narrations attributed to Ahl al-Bayt, compared with other interpretations, and assessed for their strength as evidence for the Imamate of Ahl al-Bayt. The findings reveal that these verses carry strong implications for wilayah and Imamate according to Shia narrations, while differing interpretations exist among Islamic schools. The research also highlights the importance of Quranic context and linguistic analysis in understanding these verses, as well as the role of intellectual differences in shaping diverse interpretations. The study concludes that a scholarly and objective dialogue among Islamic schools is essential for a deeper understanding of the Quranic text.

Urban land uses in Al-Ishaqi City for the year 2025 AD

2026-04-02T15:00:33+00:00

Al-Ishaqi City, a sub-district center in the Balad District of Salah al-Din, is located on the Tigris River, 100 km from Baghdad. It is characterized by an elevation ranging from 35 to 65 meters and a slope of 0.25 degrees. Historically established with a revitalization irrigation project, it has developed an agricultural and urban character. Its population was estimated at 5,035 in 2025, with a low growth rate (0.44%). Its residents are distributed among neighborhoods such as Al-Kahraba, Al-Intisar, Al-Shorta, Al-Zuhur, Al-Hudani, and Al-Wahda.It is characterized by a high percentage of residential use (63.11%), with 4,711 housing units, most of which are old and medium-sized, with the majority (84.9%) being privately owned. Industrial use is limited (202,500 m²), including carpentry and auto repair shops. Commercial activity comprises 215 establishments covering an area of 17,500 m², with the most important sectors being grocery stores, clothing, and construction materials. There are various community facilities, including 13 educational institutions, one health center, four mosques, and nine recreational facilities. Infrastructure includes water and electricity services and a communications tower, but there are no sewage networks. Transportation uses occupy a large area (1,077,100 m²) and are concentrated on main and secondary streets, along with a small gas station. Overall, the land use profile highlights a predominance of residential areas, with weak industrial and service growth, and a heavy reliance on the road network as a primary component of urban activity.

Modesty and Its Connotations in Andalusian Panegyric Poetry – A Study of (Nafh al-Tib) as a Model

2026-04-01T16:27:51+00:00

This study sheds light on the ethical and societal value of modesty (haya) as reflected in Andalusian panegyric poetry, which serves as a mirror of life in al-Andalus. Modesty is one of the moral values closely tied to building sustainable societies due to its role in fostering peace, promoting equality and social justice, and encouraging respect for others. The uniqueness of this research lies in presenting this ethical dimension of Andalusian society in a way that challenges the common perception that Andalusians were preoccupied with indulgence, corruption, luxury, and disregard for religious obligations. Instead, the study highlights the moral aspect of modesty as a virtue praised and encouraged by Andalusian poets. We approached this topic through contemporary methods such as discourse strategies, the semiotics of body language, and face theory in interpreting poetic texts. The study also reveals hidden cultural patterns, highlights the poetic function of attentional appeal, explores the relationship between musical rhythm and thematic content, and examines the lives of the poets who referenced modesty in their praise poetry, along with their moral traits and cultural backgrounds. Taking the contextual descriptive approach as an analytical tool. Our selection focuses on poetic excerpts from Nafḥ alTib by al-Maqarrī (d. 1041 AH), as it is one of the most comprehensive and extensive Andalusian sources documenting life in al-Andalus through a rich literary anthology. We found that panegyric poetry overwhelmingly emphasizes modesty in various forms, such as: praising the modesty of the praised figure before God, the modesty of the people of Cordoba, the modesty of caliphal youths, the modesty of the Almoravids and even the modesty of the last kings of Granada in their inability to defend the land. The poets also expressed their own modesty toward those they praised. These examples affirm that modesty was an innate characteristic among the people of al-Andalus, reflecting their deep adherence to the teachings of Islam, in which modesty is considered a branch of faith and a core Islamic virtue.

توظيف الذكاء الاصطناعي لتحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة دراسة في مجالات التعليم والصحة

2026-04-13T16:01:46+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) contributes effectively to supporting sustainable development efforts, particularly in the education and health sectors, due to its ability to improve the quality and efficiency of services. In education, AI is used to provide personalized learning experiences, analyze student performance, and support teachers with smart tools, enhancing the quality of education and contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 4 on quality education. In the health sector, AI plays a pivotal role in early diagnosis, developing accurate treatment plans, and improving health data management, enhancing the quality of healthcare and serving Goal 3 on good health and well-being. Integrating these technologies into education and health policies is a strategic step toward comprehensive and sustainable development. In light of the above, it is clear that AI represents a powerful strategic tool that can be employed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in the education and health sectors. It has contributed to a qualitative transformation in the quality of education through personalized learning, performance analysis, and the provision of intelligent support to teachers. In turn, it has enhanced the effectiveness of the health sector through accurate diagnosis, disease prediction, and improved health service management. Integrating artificial intelligence into national policies in these two areas directly contributes to achieving the third and fourth Sustainable Development Goals and enhances opportunities for comprehensive development based on innovation and technology.

The Use of the Imaginative Teaching Strategy in Teaching Life Sciences and Its Effect on Enhancing Creative Thinking among Secondary School Students in Rural Iraq

2026-04-01T14:39:08+00:00

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using the imagination strategy in developing and enhancing motivation among secondary school students in the teaching of biology.

التحالفات القبلية اليمانية في بلاد الشام وأثرها الجيوسياسي في واقعة صفين (37ه/657م)

2026-04-02T14:36:06+00:00

This study addresses the geopolitical dimension of the Yemeni tribes in the Levant during the Battle of Siffin (37 AH/675 AD), highlighting their pivotal role and active contribution in forming political and military alliances, as well as the tribal structure that contributed to the employment of these tribes in the service of the ruling political powers in the Levant. These alliances resulted in the emergence of centres of influence for the Yemeni tribes, such as Damascus, Homs and other cities whose tribal structure played an active role in the conflict between the people of the Levant and Iraq during the Rashidun Caliphate.

تمثلات التنمية المستدامة في مجموعة (تفاح وخطايا) شعر إبراهيم مصطفى الحمد انموذجاً

2026-04-01T16:10:57+00:00

All praise is due to Allah، the Lord of the Worlds، and may peace and blessings be upon His servant، messenger، and beloved Prophet Muhammad—our Prophet and master—and upon his family and all his companions. The Arab world is currently facing increasing environmental، social، and economic challenges such as climate change، environmental pollution، poverty، and the deterioration of social justice. In light of these challenges، contemporary Arabic literature emerges as an effective means of raising awareness and promoting values that support sustainable development. Literature، with its power to influence minds and hearts، can be a strong tool for spreading awareness about pressing issues such as social justice، gender equality، and environmental protection. In this regard، the poetry of Ibrahim Mustafa Al-Hamad reflects the conditions and glory of his people. His work is distinguished by eloquence، precision in description، and aesthetic depth of meaning. Al-Hamad understood the genuine motive for modernization and the necessity of embracing new artistic beginnings، viewing the renewal of form as a way to deepen the national and human dimensions of the Arabic poem. This study addresses two fundamental themes that intersect in the essence of the relationship between human beings and their environment: sustainable development as a global framework to ensure the well-being of present and future generations، and poetry as an artistic vessel that reflects these interactions. The research aims to shed light on the concept of development in its multiple dimensions، then move on to study the experience of the Iraqi poet Ibrahim Al-Hamad، particularly his poetry collection “Apples and Sins” (Tuffāḥ wa-Khaṭāyā)، from a critical perspective focusing on the notion of poetic spatialization، in order to show how environmental issues are renewed in his literary production and to deconstruct the poetic texts in connection with theoretical concepts. The first chapter discusses the concept of sustainable development، divided into two sections. The first section explores the concept of sustainable development، its dimensions، and its impact on poetic texts. The second section examines the goals and indicators of sustainable development to ensure access to the essentials of life in the present and future. The second chapter provides an introduction to the poet’s life، also divided into two sections. The first section studies the reflection of the poet’s social reality—not only depicting the painful Iraqi reality، but also engaging with it through profound awareness. The second section examines the psychological dimension in Ibrahim Al-Hamad’s poetry through his collection “Apples and Sins”، which enriched the research with realistic and symbolic connotations. It also highlights his adoption of modernist approaches by deepening the content and activating its meaning in a way that does not conflict with or contradict the national and human essence of the Arabic poem.

المقومات الطبيعية للتنمية الزراعية في قضاء القرنة

2026-04-05T13:34:40+00:00

This research aims to highlight the natural potentials and resources for agricultural development in the Qadisiyyah of Al-Qurna, located north of Basra Governorate, by employing a descriptive-analytical approach to interpret and analyze natural and geographical phenomena. It also utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping purposes. Spatial analysis was conducted on the distribution of water resources and soils to spatially link them for agricultural production exploitation, as well as to identify obstacles and challenges hindering the development of agricultural production in the study area.The study revealed that the area of the district, which is (1248 km²), constitutes (6.5%) of the total area of Basra Governorate, indicating a substantial area of arable land that can be utilized for agricultural production, making it suitable for achieving diverse agricultural output. Additionally, the study showed variations in soil suitability based on salinity, with riverbank soils recording salinity levels of (8.3 m/TDS), while marshes and swamps reached (8.67 m/TDS), affecting the types of crops that can be cultivated. Furthermore, all soils in the study area are characterized by their base saturation, making them suitable for growing various types of crops. The diversity of water resources, such as the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and Shatt al-Arab, forms a fundamental basis for supporting agricultural development plans.

Interactive leadership and its relationship to effective communication skills among physical education teachers from the perspective of a critical friend

2026-03-30T16:12:59+00:00

Given the importance of both interactive leadership and effective communication, studying the relationship between them among physical education teachers, from the perspective of a critical friend, is of great scientific and educational importance, as it highlights the teacher's leadership and communicative role in improving the quality of motor education. From this perspective, this study aims to clarify the nature of this relationship and provide a clear understanding of the impact of interactive leadership style on developing teachers' communication skills, and the resulting impact on student performance. The study's problem is: Is there a statistically significant relationship between interactive leadership and effective communication skills among physical education teachers? The main objectives are to identify the relationship between interactive leadership and effective communication skills among physical education teachers from the perspective of a critical observer. Given the nature of the issue and the goals of the study, the researcher employed a descriptive approach with a survey method and correlational analysis. The study population was defined as physical education teachers in the Kufa district during the academic year (2024-2025), totaling (64) teachers. The sample was selected using a census method, representing (100%) of the population. The study's main conclusion indicates that a statistically significant relationship exists between interactive leadership and effective communication skills among physical education teachers. The main recommendation is to include training and development programs for physical education teachers that encompass the development of interactive leadership and effective communication skills, in a way that is suitable for the type of work, which calls for hands-on engagement Live.

The Syntactic Level of the Predicate in al-Ma'arrī's Risalat al-Ghufran: (A Grammatical Study(

2026-04-01T17:01:24+00:00

Al-Ma'arrī's Risalat al-Ghufran (pp. 363-449) is one of the most significant literary texts in the Arabic heritage, as it combines the depth of thought, the richness of culture, and the diversity of Islamic heritage. It is a text abundant in rhetorical, artistic, and linguistic dimensions, which renders it a fertile field for linguistic studies that seek to uncover the aesthetic features of structure and meaning. Among the elements of syntactic structure deserving of investigation is the predicate (al-khabar), which gains prominence when considered a fundamental component of the nominal sentence and a stylistic means to clarify the intended meaning. This study aims to examine the syntactic level of the predicate in Risalat al-Ghufran by exploring its functional, stylistic, and semantic dimensions. The research investigates the various forms of the predicate, its stylistic roles, and the significance it adds to the text. It also seeks to reveal the aesthetic value of the predicate as a grammatical category, highlighting the most important forms of the predicate in the text and analyzing them according to their syntactic, semantic, and stylistic functions. The study employs the descriptive-analytical method, tracing the occurrences of the predicate in the text and classifying them according to specific functions and stylistic patterns. It identifies the nominal predicate (al-khabar al-mufrad), the clause predicate, and the semi-sentence predicate (prepositional phrase and adverbial phrase), including their contextual implications, semantic contributions, and rhetorical effects. The results indicate that al-Ma'arrī did not use the predicate merely as a grammatical constituent, but rather transformed it into a stylistic and expressive device that reflects the flexibility of Arabic and its capacity to convey philosophical and intellectual depth.Moreover, the multiplicity of predicate types in Risalat al-Ghufrän underscores the aesthetic and stylistic value of syntactic analysis and demonstrates that grammatical study can play a central role in unveiling the literary beauty of classical texts. This confirms that Arabic grammar is not only a formal discipline but also a dynamic tool for the appreciation and interpretation of literary discourse.

Assessment of Wind Erosion Risk in Al-Salman Depression Using Spectral Indices and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

2026-04-01T15:24:11+00:00

This study aims to assess the risk of wind erosion in the Al-Salman Depression, southern Iraq, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). The analysis relied on spectral indices (NDVI, BSI) and geomorphological factors (soil type, slope, wind speed, vegetation cover). Results revealed that the Dammam Formation occupies 51.56% of the area, serving as a vital groundwater reservoir that supports vegetation growth and reduces erosion. Climatic data analysis indicated high wind erosion potential due to low rainfall, high evaporation, low humidity, and increased wind speeds. According to the Chepil Equation, the depression was classified within the very high wind erosion risk category. Out of 15 soil samples, 11 fell within the medium to high erodibility classes, based on the Soil Wind Erodibility Index. Furthermore, 70.49% of the area is bare soil (BSI), making it highly susceptible to wind erosion, while 93.20% of the region recorded very low NDVI values, reflecting vegetation scarcity and increased vulnerability. The predominance of very low slopes further enhances soil exposure. Finally, the developed Wind Erosion Risk Index (WERI) showed that 40.09% of the study area falls within medium to high-risk classes.

Digital Transformation in the Study of Cultural Discourse: From Classical Analysis to Network-Based Textual Analysis

2026-04-02T15:28:03+00:00

Digitalization that is currently happening in the humanities has fundamentally reorganized the epistemological and methodological principles on which the cultural discourse is studied. The paper challenges the paradigm shift of traditional hermeneutic and critical thought to a system of computationally mediated techniques, especially network-based textual analysis. Under this new paradigm, texts are no longer understood as discrete cultural texts but as active nodes within discursive, intertextual and complex networks. This study is based on the theory of Cultural Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Carbaugh, 2007) and Actor-Network Theory (Latour, 2005) by defining the concept of discourse as assemblage of practices that are relational and defined by human and non-human actors. The study operationalizes the visualization and quantification of the textual relationships in various corpora by the use of the digital tools like Gephi, Voyant Tools, and Textometrica. The comparative dataset used in the empirical analysis consists of thirty cultural texts of which fifteen are a classical print-based text and fifteen a born-digital text across various temporal, geographical and linguistic contexts, such as Arabic postcolonial essay, diasporic poetry and current digital narratives. The results indicate that the network based methods of analysis reveal latent structural patterns, recurrent themes, and ideological constellations that are mainly hidden as a result of traditional methods of close reading. Moreover, the combination of computational procedures also increases interpretive granularity and at the same time opens up the breadth of inquiry, allowing analyses on large scales, multilingually, and cross-culturally. This research improves the development of Digital Humanities and suggests a model that is scalable and replicable to study such cultural discourse in more digitized knowledge spaces.

Jazirat Ibn Umar in the Ayyubid Era: A Study of Its Foreign Policy

2026-03-30T15:53:35+00:00

This research deals with the study of Jazirat Ibn ʿUmar during the Ayyubid period, considering it one of the Islamic cities of prominent status in the northern part of the Jazira region. Its importance emerged through its strategic geographical location on the Tigris River and its political and military roles within the conflicts of the Zangid dynasty on the one hand, and the intertwined relations with the Ayyubid state on the other. The research also addresses the foreign policy of the Jazira by studying the course of its relations with regional powers during that period, through tracing its relations with the major regional powers, especially Mosul, the Ayyubids, and the Abbasid Caliphate, from its establishment until the end of Atabeg rule there. The study relies on a number of main historical sources such as Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Shaddad, and Ibn Khaldun, in addition to the important descriptive information provided by Muslim geographers.

Jurisprudential Regulations of Cultural Tourism

2026-04-01T16:48:49+00:00

This study examines the jurisprudential regulations governing cultural tourism, which comprise a set of rules and principles that guide the practice of cultural tourism from an Islamic perspective. These regulations aim to achieve a balance between enjoying cultural landmarks and adhering to Islamic values and ethics. Among the key jurisprudential guidelines for cultural tourism are respect for the natural and social environment, the promotion of social solidarity, ensuring the right of all individuals to participate in tourism, adherence to Islamic values, avoidance of extravagance and waste, preservation of historical and cultural heritage, compliance with laws and regulations, avoidance of seclusion with non-mahram women, refraining from inappropriate mixing, avoiding viewing prohibited matters, abstaining from staying in unlawful places, and observing the objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah). Cultural tourism is also regarded as a means of learning about the history, culture, and civilization of other nations, reflecting on the signs of God in the universe, serving as a tool for inviting others to Islam, and strengthening ties between Muslims and non-Muslims.

Economic Justice in Surat al-Nisa’: An Applied Study of the Rules of Inheritance

2026-04-01T15:10:44+00:00

This study explores economic justice as reflected in the inheritance rulings outlined in Surah An-Nisa, providing an applied analysis that highlights the divine dimensions of wealth distribution. It examines the fundamental principles of inheritance as stipulated in Islamic law, focusing on the achievement of social and economic balance. The study also compares Quranic rulings with contemporary legal systems in wealth distribution, aiming to showcase the impact of these rulings on building a balanced society.

Teachers’ Views on Effective English Language Teaching Methods at the Elementary Level A Phenomenological Study

2026-04-02T15:08:14+00:00

Teaching English language learning in early stages of elementary level decisions decision that impacts learner’s linguistic ability competence and academic future. In spite of an unremitting policy push for the early teaching of English, classrooms are often mismatched with current moods in pedagogy. This research examines the beliefs of elementary school English teachers in relation to effective English language teaching methodologies through a qualitative analysis of their lived experiences in the classrooms as well as the obstacles they face during their lessons. To extract teachers perceptions and instructional realities a mixed-method research design was utilized within a phenomenological approach. The study was conducted among 44 English language teachers and 237 students from randomly selected conventional elementary schools during the academic year 2024–2025 using classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaires as data collection instruments. This research sought to investigate common pedagogies, barriers to quality instruction, and the impact of professional development and resources on classroom instruction. Our findings suggest that a traditional and teacher-centered approach marks EFL instruction in elementary school classrooms, with few communicative activities and little educational technology implementation. Such challenges include overcrowded classrooms, inadequate opportunities for professional development, instructional resources and learners' little exposure to English outside of the classroom, according to teachers. Infrastructure and access to teaching aids, too, showed the urban rural divide. This study also shows the need to thoroughly review pre-service and in-service teacher training programs, adopt a more student-centred approach to teaching and strengthen the institutional level support for the teaching of English language education at elementary level. The findings are useful for policymakers, curriculum developers and teacher educators interested in enhancing the quality of English language teaching to young learners.

تأثير الذكاء الاصطناعي في صياغة السياسات العامة واتخاذ القرار السياسي في الحكومات الحديثة

2026-03-30T14:29:29+00:00

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on public policy formulation and political decision-making in modern governments, with a focus on Iraqi governmental institutions. In recent decades, the world has witnessed significant advancements in modern technology, with AI emerging as a key tool for data analysis, improving decision-making processes, and designing public policies with greater accuracy and efficiency. The study aims to determine the extent to which AI contributes to enhancing the effectiveness of governmental operations, reducing human errors, and increasing the speed and objectivity of political decision-making. The research employed a descriptive-analytical approach using questionnaires distributed to employees of ministries and governmental agencies in Baghdad. The sample included 180 participants from various administrative levels and educational backgrounds. Statistical analysis software (SPSS) was used to assess the relationship between AI and the two main research variables: public policy formulation and political decision-making. The findings indicate that AI significantly improves the quality of information gathering and data analysis, with item averages ranging between 3.89 and 4.12, reflecting participants’ high appreciation of its role in supporting decision-making. AI also enhances the effectiveness of public policy formulation by providing accurate data, improving resource allocation, increasing transparency, and reducing bureaucracy, with averages ranging from 3.92 to 4.02. Regarding political decision-making, the results show that AI reduces risks associated with critical decisions, promotes objectivity, and accelerates the decision-making process, with averages ranging from 3.96 to 4.02. Correlation and regression analyses confirmed a strong, statistically significant positive relationship between AI and both public policy formulation (r = 0.72) and political decision-making (r = 0.69), with AI explaining approximately half of the variance in both variables (R² = 0.52 and 0.48). Multiple regression analysis further indicated that AI remains the most influential factor on both variables when controlling for other factors (β = 0.71). The study recommends enhancing the integration of AI across all stages of governmental work, developing digital infrastructure, training personnel on smart tools, encouraging innovation in policy formulation, and establishing mechanisms to monitor performance and evaluate the outcomes of AI use. The research concludes that AI represents an effective strategic tool for supporting modern governments, contributing to more accurate, objective, and flexible decision-making in the face of political and social challenges.

The Interactive Role of Market Orientation Capabilities and Flexible Green Innovation as a Driving Force for Building Motivations for Sustainable Environmental Adaptation: An Analytical Study of the Views of a Sample of Faculty Members in Private Universi

2026-04-01T16:34:06+00:00

The present study aims to measure the interactive role between market orientation capabilities—represented by customer orientation and competitor orientation—and flexible green innovation—represented by flexible exploratory innovation and flexible exploitative innovation—as a driving force for building motivations for sustainable environmental adaptation, namely economic, social, and environmental motivations, among a sample of faculty members in private universities in the Middle Euphrates region. The study sample consisted of 186 faculty members. Accordingly, the research problem was formulated in terms of the relationships among the study variables, from which the research objectives were derived and represented in a hypothetical model. This model led to the formulation of specific hypotheses, which were tested using structural equation modeling through the statistical packages (SPSS v.29 and AMOS v.29). To analyze the data, a set of statistical techniques was employed, including the coefficient of determination (R²), tests of normal distribution, and descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations, in addition to correlation analysis. The findings revealed that the interactive role between market orientation capabilities and flexible green innovation constitutes a motivating force that encourages faculty members to adopt sustainable practices and orientations. This, in turn, enhances their willingness to adapt to environmental challenges in a sustainable and flexible manner.

أثر توظيف القصة الرقمية في التحصيل البلاغي عند طالبات الصف الخامس العلمي

2026-04-13T16:46:04+00:00

The current research aimed to determine the effect of using digital stories on the rhetorical achievement of fifth-grade scientific students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher chose Dijla Preparatory School for Girls, affiliated with Baghdad Al-Karkh Third Education School. and the number of students in the research sample. was (56) students, including (28) students in the experimental group, and (28) students in the control group. The researcher rewarded them with variables: Chronological age, previous year's grades, intelligence, and previous rhetorical information test. The researcher prepared the research requirements, such as behavioural objectives and teaching plans, as well as the rhetorical achievement test, which consisted of (20) items divided into two questions. The first question included (15) objective, multiple-choice paragraphs with four alternatives, while the second question included (5) essay paragraphs. After the researcher confirmed its validity, reliability and psychometric properties, she applied it to the research sample and achieved superiority among the female students of the experimental group who studied rhetoric according to the use of the digital story in the rhetorical achievement test.

The Impact of Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Book Cover Design Programs: Canva as a Model

2026-04-01T14:44:49+00:00

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become increasingly popular in the last decade. Its development and growth raise several issues that must be considered for the success of an AI project. An AI project requires communication across different domains, such as experts, engineers, data scientists, stakeholders, and ecosystem partners (analytics platforms, storage, labeling, and open-source platforms). AI offers several vital qualities to provide deeper insights into user behavior and make recommendations based on data. An AI project is difficult to define, requires greater mastery of data, and every organization needs a simple guide and plan on how to use AI. This study presents an approach with a comprehensive view of different types of smart model canvases for companies that project, produce, promote, and provide AI technology to enterprises. We have selected three canvases representing AI, machine learning, and deep learning. We explain and illustrate these canvases along with some case studies. We conclude our research by writing the final report for each use case of the smart model canvas. By filling the canvas with one page, it helps us explain what the AI will do, how it will interact with human judgment, how it will be used to influence decisions, how success and outcomes will be measured, and what kind of data will be needed to train, operate, and improve the AI. The Smart Model Canvas provides a clear and detailed description of the roles of stakeholders, customers, and the AI strategy. This canvas can also be used for analysis and synthesis projects in new product line development.

The Impact of Using the Arabic Language in Enhancing Awareness of Sustainable Development Concepts: A Case Study of the College of Nursing at the University of Al-Qadisiyah

2026-04-02T14:45:07+00:00

Artificial intelligence has become an umbrella term for applications that perform complex tasks which previously required human intervention, such as online customer interaction or playing chess. The term is often used interchangeably with its subfields, including machine learning and deep learning; however, important distinctions remain. For instance, machine learning focuses on developing systems that learn and improve their performance based on the data they process. Among the key benefits of artificial intelligence is its capacity to enhance communication between humans and machines, making devices more capable of understanding and responding to human emotions and needs. In this sense, artificial intelligence represents a transformation in the relationship between technology and human experience, and it is expected to exert a profound influence on daily life and modes of interaction with digital systems. With ongoing development, human–machine interaction is likely to evolve toward increasingly sophisticated forms that approximate human communication. Given the widespread applications of artificial intelligence across various domains of life, and in light of the risks associated with growing dependence on such technologies, it has become necessary to establish ethical frameworks governing its use. From this perspective, the present study seeks to examine a number of legal and ethical challenges associated with artificial intelligence from the standpoint of Islamic law.

Guidance in Surah al-Fātiḥah: An Analytical Study of the Concept of Guidance and its Qur’anic Dimensions

2026-04-01T16:19:55+00:00

This research addresses the topic of Guidance in Surah al-Fātiḥah: An Analytical Study of the Concept of Guidance and its Qur’anic Dimensions. The Holy Qur’an came with guiding teachings that lead to happiness; whoever adheres to them attains success and bliss, while whoever stays away from them and fulfills their whims heads to confusion and destruction. This study aimed to demonstrate the centrality of guidance in the linguistic and lexical structure of Surah al-Fātiḥah and to demonstrate that this short chapter is small in its verses and words but profound in its purposes, which embodies the core of the Qur’anic project, which seeks to guide humanity from confusion and misguidance to light and certainty. The researcher relied, in interpreting most of the verses, upon contemporary exegeses, foremost of which were al-Mīzān and Fī Ẓilāl al-Qur’ān. Also, he has benefited from some tafsīrs such as al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr, and others. The methodology adopted is the analytical-objective method, basing it on a comparative exegesis of the inductive method, by collecting the terms that denote guidance within the Qur’anic context.

Stylistic study: A Feminist Impact on the Characters’ Interactions in Tennessee Williams' Orpheus Descending

2025-09-01T15:30:57+00:00

Various studies have previously been done on Williams’s Orpheus Descending with regard to theories of feminism and stylistics; however, no researcher has ever written a thoroughly comprehensive examination of the play and its structure of different gender conversation by incorporating these two methodologies. Keeping this in mind, in order to fill that gap and present a multidimensional analysis of Orpheus Descending, this study takes into consideration the play’s form, substance, context and the feminist aspect by using Mills’ third wave feminist linguistics theory. This innovative multidisciplinary method delivers an all-inclusive framework to demonstrate the way of interaction between male and female characters, and the stylistic elements of dramatic text that can lead to explain conflicts and misunderstandings which tend to happen in the play’s discourse. Moreover, stylistic theories and frameworks, such as Turn Management, provide a linguistic tool for investigating the conversational elements and linguistic aspects of Orpheus Descending and its two main characters, Val and Lady.

الأثر التشريعي لتأخر إعجام القرآن الكريم الى زمن خلافة الإمام علي (عليه السلام)

2026-04-01T14:20:25+00:00

This article examines the issue of marking in the Quran and the Arabic language from a legal and legal perspective, after several scholars have addressed it from a linguistic or Quranic perspective. The concept of diacritical marking of the Holy Quran, which means distinguishing between its words with dots and its words with vowel points, is a key feature that made the Holy Book so influential after it went through various stages between the collection and destruction of apostolic writings and the compilation of the Quran for the burning of surviving copies of the Quran among Muslims. This phenomenon did not occur during the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) nor during the time of his successors in the beginning, but was postponed until the time of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). This marks a new stage and milestone in the history of the Arabic language and the Holy Quran. The neglect to extend the diacritical mark until the time of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) had far-reaching consequences for science and law. This was due to the multiplicity of readings arising from the absence of these symbols, which led to multiple interpretations of some verses of the Quran, especially those containing the commandments, as they could be read in different ways. Consequently, the laws of God are changed. This repetition of adding diacritical marks strengthened these texts, and their introduction by Imam Ali (peace be upon him) helped to restore the Quranic text to its original meaning as revealed by God to His distinguished Prophet. It also helped to eliminate the doubts of his predecessors regarding the Quran and Sunnah, and established the authority of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and allowed him to rule and act without any constraints, power, or authority.

Surat al-Kafirun: A Phonetic-Semantic Study

2026-04-02T14:18:12+00:00

The word in the Qur’anic text, in its true essence، has a gentle sound to the ear and a light touch on the tongue، indicating the meaning after reflection and contemplation with ease and clarity. It possesses distinctive qualities within the Qur’anic composition and carries multiple features, signifying precision and comprehensiveness in expression, ensuring that the intended meanings are conveyed and clarified. This prompted me to reflect and ponder upon Surat Al-Kafirun, which is a Makki surah consisting of six verses characterized by their phonetic and semantic eloquence. I dedicated my study to examining the phonetic significance of this blessed surah, as its phonetic aspect reflects the eloquence of its precise wording, the strength and clarity of its expressions, and the repetition of certain words, which reinforces the meaning and affirms a firm stance against disbelief and disbelievers. From the semantic perspective, the surah conveys a clear message of monotheism, rejection of polytheism, confirmation of Islamic steadfastness, and the refusal to abandon its fundamental principles.

The Effect of the LEAD Strategy on Developing Fifth-Grade Literary Track Students’ Attitudes toward Sociology

2026-04-01T15:55:12+00:00

The present study aimed to examine the effect of the LEAD strategy on developing the attitudes of fifth-grade literary track female students toward the subject of sociology. To achieve this objective, the researcher formulated the aforementioned null hypotheses. The research sample consisted of 52 female students from the fifth-grade literary stream, distributed into two groups: 25 students in the experimental group and 27 students in the control group, selected randomly. The experimental group was taught using the LEAD strategy, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in terms of age (measured in months), parents’ educational attainment, and attitudes toward sociology. To achieve the research objectives, a research instrument was developed. Due to the absence of suitable pre-existing tools, the researcher constructed a scale to measure attitudes toward sociology consisting of 30 items. To ensure its validity, the instrument was presented to a panel of experts and reviewers to assess its face validity. After identifying the prescribed content from the sociology textbook for the 2023–2024 academic year, the researcher formulated 113 behavioral objectives and designed model lesson plans for each topic included in the experiment. The experiment was conducted from March 3, 2024, to April 18, 2024. Following the implementation of the research instruments, the data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental group, who studied sociology using the LEAD strategy, and those of the control group on the attitude scale, in favor of the experimental group. Additionally, a statistically significant difference was found at the 0.05 level between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group on the attitude scale, in favor of the post-test. Based on these findings, the researcher presented a set of conclusions and recommendations and suggested directions for future research.

Americanism in Arabic and Persian Political Presidential Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis

2026-04-02T15:33:01+00:00

Americanism is a term that denotes the quality or state of being American. (Collins Dictionary). This is a unique characteristic of American English, particularly in comparison to British English. It is a pledge or devotion to the traditions, interests, or ideologies of the United States (Merriam-Webster, 2018). It is a collection of patriotic principles from the United States that are intended to establish a unified American identity. It is defined as a cultural style infused with political significance, a collection of traditions, and a political lexicon that expresses the nation's rightful position in the world. The American Legion, a veterans' organization in the United States, defines Americanism as an ideology that is defined by the dedication, patriotism, or allegiance to the United States, its flag, traditions, customs, culture, symbols, institutions, or governmental structure. Theodore Roosevelt states that Americanism is a matter of spirit, conviction, and purpose, rather than creed or birthplace. It refers to expressions articulated or inscribed in American English, as opposed to British English. For instance, the term "gas" as opposed to "petrol" or "candy" as opposed to "sweets". This study examines the impact of Americanism as an ideology on presidential speeches in Arabic and Persian by developing a model based on Hymes' (1974) and Van Leuween 's (2008) models. It aims at 1- demonstrating how the presidential addresses in Arabic and Persian have been influenced by Americanism as an ideology. 2-Identifying the ideological ends of such applications. 3- finding out how American terms are intentionally employed in the Arabic and Persian presidential speeches. The results generally show that the response to American ideology varies across all levels, including linguistic, cultural, and political. Moreover, it concluded that 1- democracy is extensively employed in both Arabic and Persian discourses. This denotes a substantial and essential application. 2- Arabic presidential speeches have been more influenced by Americanism ideology than Persian ones. 3- Al- Sissi in his speech is the highly affected one.

A comparative study of some fitness components resulting from training adaptations for football players

2026-03-30T16:01:20+00:00

The importance of this comparative study stems from its aim to identify certain elements of physical fitness resulting from training adaptations among football players, and to uncover differences between players based on the nature of their training. The goal is to determine the most effective training programs for developing fundamental physical fitness components, thereby contributing to improved athletic performance and achieving higher levels. Specifically, the study sought to determine if there are significant differences in certain physical fitness components resulting from different training adaptations among football players, and to understand the relationship between certain physical attributes within the research sample. The researcher employed a descriptive approach using comparative methods, as this methodology is considered one of the best and most suitable for addressing the current research problem and achieving its objectives. The researcher selected the sample using a comprehensive census of players from the Al-Kufa and Al-Mishkhab football clubs in the Najaf Governorate, totaling (44) players. The sample size of (44) players represents (100%) of the original population. The most important conclusion was the absence of statistically significant differences between the two groups in the level of the physical fitness components under investigation (transitional speed, endurance, and general endurance). The most important recommendation is the necessity for coaches to focus on developing the level of these physical fitness components (transitional speed, endurance, and general endurance).

The U.S. National Security Strategy during President Obama’s Administration and Its Impact on Syria and Iraq: An Analytical Study

2026-04-01T16:55:23+00:00

The USA is one of the most influential countries in the international system، due to its power and influence within the means of implementing foreign policy، whereas its economic، military، technological، intelligence and scientific power، which occupies the highest ranks compared to other countries and according to its exceptional components، has become the only superpower that controls the New World Order since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the change of the bipolar international system to unipolar، as that period was characterized by American hegemony over the international system، and then the emergence of a multipolar system since 2014. This position has helped the USA to achieve its interests and goals at the expense of other countries and the National Security Strategy is one of the comprehensive strategies in the light of which strategies and objectives are formulated to shape the supreme domestic and foreign policy of the USA.

The constitutional and legal basis for the principle of sustainable development: a comparative analytical study in light of Iraqi national legislation and modern international models

2026-04-01T15:15:38+00:00

The principle of sustainable development has become a fundamental principle in modern legal thought, having transformed from a general political concept into a binding constitutional and legislative rule in many legal systems. It has been adopted by the constitutions of developed countries and stipulated in international agreements related to environmental protection. However, the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 lacked an explicit text enshrining this principle, contenting itself with general references that are insufficient for the purpose. Furthermore, Environmental Law No. 27 of 2009 did not establish an integrated framework linking development and environmental justice. Accordingly, the study recommends the necessity of integrating this principle into the constitution and legislation, and strengthening the institutional structure to ensure its implementation in public policies.

From Problem to Action: Analyzing Representations of Agency and Solution Orientation in ELT Materials on Sustainability in Iraq

2026-04-02T15:13:16+00:00

This study is interested in the representation of agency and solution-orientation in sustainability-related tasks in textbooks in English for Iraq for Grades 1-6. Using a mixed-method design, combining qualitative content analysis, critical discourse analysis, and multimodal analysis, this study explores how learners, teachers, communities, and institutions are situated as agents to address both environmental and civic concerns. In these domains, a corpus of texts, dialogues, and tasks associated with sustainability was identified across, for e.g., water conservation, energy use, waste management, climate change, biodiversity and civic responsibility. Coding emphasized modality (can, should, must), framing of problems versus solutions, individual versus collective action, and the feasibility of implementing action in the Iraqi setting. These findings show that sustainability themes are gradually incorporated into textbooks across grades, but agency is typically framed at the individual level (i.e., “You must not waste water”), with little opportunity for collective or institutional action. Instead, modal verbs stress obligation (must) more than possibility (can), suggesting a prescriptive rather than empowering stance. Solution-orientation becomes generic or global with only a handful of tasks contextualized to the specific ecological and infrastructural reality of Iraq. Still, some Grade 5-6 tasks are project-based tasks that allow group collaboration and local problem-solving leading towards a participatory pedagogy. The rationale posited is that, increasing learner autonomy while integrating contextually relevant, solution-based practices can further facilitate alignment between Iraqi ELT content and UNESCO’s framework of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Implications for curriculum reform, and classroom practice, are discussed.