Fadel بتول عباس, and Mal Allah أ. د نضال مؤيد. “The Political System in the Umayyad Era”. Tasnim International Journal for Human, Social and Legal Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 382–404. Accessed October 22, 2024. https://tasnim-lb.org/index.php/ijhs/article/view/66.